Ergonomi Komputer

Hierarchy of Controls adalah framework systematic untuk reduce atau eliminate hazard - ada urutan prioritas dari most effective ke least effective.5 Levels of Control (Top to Bottom, Most to Least Effective):Level 1: ELIMINATION (Most Effective - 100%)Definition: Completely remove hazardExamples untuk Heavy Equipment:Eliminate confined space entry: Install external access port untuk inspection instead masuk tankEliminate manual handling: Use mechanical lift instead manual carryingEliminate reversing: Design one-way traffic flow, drive-through loadingEliminate height work: Pre-assemble structure di ground levelEffectiveness: 100% - no hazard, no riskLimitation: Often not feasible - work still need to be doneLevel 2: SUBSTITUTIONDefinition: Replace hazardous dengan less hazardousExamples:Replace diesel equipment dengan electric di indoor/confined area - eliminate exhaust fumeUse water-based hydraulic fluid instead petroleum-based - less fire riskSubstitute toxic cleaning chemical dengan biodegradableUse smaller equipment jika adequate - lower energy, easier controlEffectiveness: 70-90% - hazard still exist tapi reduced severityLevel 3: ENGINEERING CONTROLSDefinition: Isolate people from hazard melalui physical meansExamples untuk Heavy Equipment:ROPS (Rollover Protective Structure): Cabin protect operator jika tip-overFOPS (Falling Object Protective Structure): Guard against falling materialProximity detection system: Sensor warn atau stop equipment jika worker too closeReversing camera & alarm: Increase visibility, warn pedestrianCabin air filtration: Protect dari dustVibration dampening seat: Reduce whole-body vibration exposureGuarding: Cover pinch point, rotating partsVentilation: Extract exhaust fume dari confined spaceEffectiveness: 50-70% - hazard present tapi contact prevented/reducedLevel 4: ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLSDefinition: Change way people work melalui procedure, training, rotationExamples:Safe Work Procedure: Step-by-step method untuk safely perform taskTraining: SIO certification, refresher coursePermit to Work: Authorization system untuk high-risk workJob rotation: Limit exposure duration (ergonomic, noise, vibration)Scheduled maintenance: Prevent equipment failureExclusion zone: Keep people away dari hazard areaShift limit: Fatigue management - max 12 hoursBuddy system: Two-person rule untuk certain taskSignage & marking: Warning sign, barricade tapeEffectiveness: 20-50% - depend on human compliance (can be bypassed)Level 5: PPE (Least Effective - Last Resort)Definition: Personal protective equipment worn by workerExamples:Safety helmet, safety shoes, high-vis vestHearing protection (earplug, earmuff)Respirator atau dust maskSafety glassesGlovesFall arrest harnessEffectiveness: 10-30% - protect individual only, failure-proneMengapa PPE Paling Tidak Efektif:Depend on user compliance - bisa lupa pakaiCan fail - tear, damageImproper use - tidak fitted correctlyDiscomfort - tendency untuk removeTidak reduce hazard - hanya barrier antara hazard dan personAPPLICATION PRINCIPLE:"Work Down the Hierarchy"Always start dengan top - can we eliminate?If tidak - can we substitute?If tidak - what engineering control possible?Add administrative control untuk reinforcePPE as last layer - NEVER rely on PPE aloneExample Application - Excavator Struck-By Hazard:Hazard: Worker struck by swinging excavator boomControl Options (Evaluated Top-Down):Elimination: Can we eliminate excavator operation? NO - needed untuk diggingSubstitution: Use smaller equipment? NO - capacity neededEngineering:YES - Install proximity detection system (sensor stop boom if person detected)YES - Install 360° camera untuk better visibilityAdministrative:YES - Establish 5-meter exclusion zone dengan barricadeYES - Assign spotter untuk guide operatorYES - Require operator SIO certificationPPE:YES - High-visibility vest untuk all workersResult: Layered defense - multiple controls working togetherKey Takeaway:More effective controls are capital-intensive tapi long-term betterLess effective controls are cheaper initially tapi require ongoing complianceCombination approach (Swiss cheese model) - multiple layers cover each other's weaknessOperator should advocate untuk higher-level controls - speak up jika relying too much on PPE!